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《归燕诗》张九龄唐诗鉴赏

《归燕诗》张九龄唐诗鉴赏

《归燕诗》
 

  作者:张九龄

  海燕虽微眇,

  乘春亦暂来。

  岂知泥滓贱,

  只见玉堂开。

  绣户时双入,

  华堂日几回。

  无心与物竞,

  鹰隼莫相猜。



  【作者介绍】

  张九龄(673-740)唐代大臣、诗人。一名博物,字子寿,韶州曲江(今广东省韶关市)人。少聪慧能文,唐中宗景龙(707-710)初年进士,为校书郎。后又登“道侔伊吕”制科,为左拾遗。唐玄宗开元(713-741)时历官中书侍郎、同中书门下平章事、中书令,为唐代名相。张九龄才思敏捷,文章高雅。其诗早年词采清丽,情致深婉,为诗坛前辈张说所激赏,被贬后风格转趋朴素遒劲。他的五言古诗,以素练质朴的语言,寄托深远的人生慨望,对扫除唐初所沿习的六朝绮靡诗风,贡献尤大。有《曲江集》二十卷传世。张九龄相关作品欣赏:《张九龄唐诗精选》。



  【张九龄诗鉴赏】


  这是一首咏物诗。所咏的是将要归去的燕子。但诗人并没有工细地描绘燕子的体态和风神,而是叙述与议论多于精工细雕的刻画。

  阮阅《诗话总龟》卷十七引《明皇杂寻》,称张九龄在相,有謇谔匪躬之诚。明皇怠于政事,李林甫阴中伤之。方秋,明皇令高力士持白羽扇赐焉。九龄作《归燕诗》贻林甫。从上面所记本事推知,这首诗应作于张九龄被罢相的前夕。诗人是唐玄宗开元年间的名相,以直言敢谏著称。由于李林甫等毁谤,玄宗渐渐疏远张九龄。开元二十四年,张被罢相,《归燕诗》大约写于这年秋天。

  诗从海燕“微眇”写起,隐寓诗人自己出身微贱,不象李林甫那样出身华贵。“乘春亦暂来”句,是写自己在圣明的时代暂时来朝廷做官,如燕子春来秋去,不会久留的。中间四句,以燕子不知“泥滓”之贱,只见“玉堂”开着,就一日数次出入其间,衔泥作窠,来隐寓自己在朝廷为相,日夜辛劳,惨淡经营。“绣户”、“华堂”和“玉堂”,都是隐喻朝廷。末句是告诫李林甫:我无心与你争权夺利,你不必猜忌、中伤我,我要退隐了。此时大权已经落在李林甫手中,张九龄自知不可能有所作为,不得不退让,但心中不无牢骚和感慨。刘禹锡《吊张曲江序》称张被贬之后,“有拘囚之思,托讽禽鸟,寄词草树,郁郁然与骚人同风。”这是知人之言。从这段话来评《归燕诗》同样是适合的,《归燕诗》就是“托讽禽鸟”之作。

  这首律诗对仗工整,语言朴素,风格清淡,如“轻缣素练”(张说评张九龄语)。它名为咏物,实乃抒怀,既写燕,又写人,句句不离燕子,却又是张九龄的自我写照。诗人的艺术匠心,主要就表现在他选择了最能摹写自己的形象的外物—— 燕子。

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